As urban areas continue to grow and develop, a concerning phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect has emerged. This effect not only impacts local climates but also poses significant challenges for public health, energy consumption, and sustainability.

Oil spills are among the most significant environmental disasters that can occur in aquatic ecosystems, leading to dire consequences for marine life, coastal communities, and global ecosystems. The release of oil into marine and freshwater environments can devastate local wildlife, disrupt ecosystems, and have lasting effects on economies that depend on fishing and tourism.